Unit 4: P5/M3

P5: Explain the physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing.

All individuals go through physical and psychological changes within their lives, there are many changes we must face as individuals who grow older, whether it be our appearance or changes within our bodies. Bellow I am going to describe some of these changes for my individual Kehlani Parish who will eventually go through or who has already been through these experiences.

Photo from:https://images.rapgenius.com/504f96e3a3d104a9e0763ad33552c05a.670x340x1.jpg

Physical changes:

Hormones:

As we age our hormone levels can decrease, increase or stay the same. As we age, changes naturally occur in the way our body systems are controlled. Some target tissues become less sensitive to their controlling hormone. The amount of hormones produced may also change. My individual Kehlani’s hormones will change as she ages which can also dictate the path she takes in her future.

Many of the organs that produce hormones are controlled by other hormones. Aging also changes this process. For example, an endocrine tissue may produce less of its hormone than it did at a younger age, or it may produce the same amount at a slower rate.

Hurd, R(2014) Aging changes in hormone production, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004000.htm (accessed: 1^st January 2016)

Arthritis:

This is when the joints in our body become weaker and more brittle as they have become damaged. As we age the cartilage in our bodies becomes weaker thus arthritis is more common in older age individuals. There are two main types of arthritis that individuals can suffer from these are:

·         Rheumatoid arthritis: this form of arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints. The hands, feet and wrists are commonly affected, but it can also cause problems in other parts of the body. This form often tends to occur in people around the age of 40 and 50 About three times as many women as men are affected.

NHS choices(2014) Rheumatoid arthritis, http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/Pages/Introduction.aspx (accessed: 1^st January 2016)

·         Degenerative arthritis/ Osteoarthritis: this is a common form of arthritis that affects the hands, feet, spine and joints that bare our weight. This form of arthritis often develops in people over the age of 50, It usually happens with age, but it can also result from joint injuries or obesity (which puts extra stress on our joints).

Menopause:

This is a part of ageing that is bound to happen for women. This is when women stop having menstrual cycles, symptoms of menopause are things such as hot flashes, night sweats, anxiety and a low sex drive. Menopause is a natural part of ageing that usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Women who go through these symptoms tend to take oestrogen because menopause decreases their oestrogen levels.

Psychological changes:

Ageism:

This is when an individual is being discriminated and treated unfairly due to their age, older aged people are usually seen by younger individuals as having lived their lives and unable to do certain things that a younger generation can do. This can effect an individual mentally because they will feel less wanted and useless it also effects an older individual because they are less likely to gain employment.

Confidence:

Many people lack confidence due to the way society treats individuals, however for an older individual it can affect them mentally because they may lack confidence and distance themselves from others. I believe that my individual will be very confident as she is now because of the people she surrounds herself with.

Financial concerns:

Many elderly people rely on their pension as a means of income however this amount can barely cover bills and other household things. Many elderly people can go into debt if they have issues that prevent them from remembering things like dementia or Alzheimer’s.

It is good for an individual to have a support system around them as they have someone they can rely on, above I have stated three ways physical changes and psychological changes effect an individual with ageing.

M3: Discuss the effects on self-esteem and self-confidence of the physical changes associated with ageing.

Bellow I am going to describe the effects of physical changes that my individual may face, the physical changes that I had chosen which are associated with ageing are:

• ·         Menopause
• ·         Hormones
• ·         Arthritis

I will also link my physical changes with the way it effects someone psychologically. As we grow older we encounter many changes whether it be our appearance or through stress related life events. Many psychological changes can cause stress such as financial problems and healthcare. These psychological changes can become physical changes such as the deterioration of health and negative changes of appearance.

Many individuals are uncomfortable with how they appear, as we age we physically start to change which can impact an individual emotionally and psychologically. Elder individuals begin to lose the elasticity in certain areas of their body which starts to become loose, both women and men sometimes feel that they are not in shape and don’t feel as attractive as they used to because of it. This majorly impacts a person’s self-esteem and how they see themselves opposed to younger people.

It is said that as we get older around the times we retire our self-esteem becomes low, this could be because as we age our sight becomes impaired and many other physical ailments. On average, women had lower self-esteem than men throughout most of adulthood, but self-esteem levels converged as men and women reached their 80s and 90s. Blacks and whites had similar self-esteem levels throughout young adulthood and middle age. In old age, average self-esteem among blacks dropped much more sharply than self-esteem among whites. This result held even after accounting for differences in income and health.

Live Science Staff(2010), Self-Esteem Drops After Retirement, http://www.livescience.com/6264-esteem-drops-retirement.html (Accessed: 2^nd January 2016)

There are many physical changes that can occur in our bodies as we age some of them are:

• ·         Skin, bones, joints and muscles: our muscles become weaker as we lose body mass and density, we also lose height as we age because our foot arches become less prominent. The long bones within our arms and legs become more brittle as we lose minerals, our joints become less flexible and our hips and knee joints become stiffer and less flexible.
• ·         Organs: Many tissues within our body lose mass as we age, our organs also begin to lose its functions and the main organs that begin to change are the kidneys, heart and lungs.
• ·         Cognitive changes: Our attention span becomes quite complex as we age, older individuals tend to lose focus on certain aspects within their lives which could lead them to have less confidence in themselves. As we age our long-term memory also declines unlike short-term and working memory, requires retrieval of information that is no longer present or being maintained in an active state.

Taylor & Francis Group(2007), Changes in Cognitive Function in Human Aging, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3885/ (accessed: 2^nd January 2016)

• ·         Degeneration of the senses: A we age our senses become less sharp which makes it harder for us to notice certain things. Sensory changes can affect our lifestyle as we could be unable to participate in certain activities or be involved with family and friends. These type of changes are what I consider being a large factor in why an elder individual would go along with the disengagement theory. Our senses receive information from our environment. This information can be in the form of sound, light, smells, tastes, and touch.

Our physical capabilities change as we age which can become a big factor in an individual’s life. It is important for a person to have a support system when they are going through anything in life but especially when they are elder as their self-esteem and self-confidence has deteriorated. I believe my individual Kehlani would be surrounded by people she loves no matter what physical changes she faces.

There are also many issues that a person can face that will influence the individual’s psychology these are:

·        

•      Role changes: A person who cared for people all their life is now being taken care of, this may make them lack self-confidence in other things and feel less dignified as they have to be dependent on someone.
•        Retirement: Becomes isolated from friends and has less ways to communicate with other Individuals. Retirement also means loss of a main income and having to depend on the government for a way in which to be provided.
•          Theories of ageing: There are many theories that have been discussed throughout years with many discoveries being found, many elder adults are expected to follow these theories whether they know it or not they are a part of a theory of ageing.

The issues I have stated above have large effects on an individual’s self-esteem and self-confidence. Elder individuals rely on people to give them positive energy and feedback rather than negative as that can damage them mentally and emotionally. If an elder adult is criticized people usually hurt them by bring their age into an argument, this is why elder adults are quite critical on themselves and rely on others to make them feel better and worth the effort.

Unit 4 P4/M2/D2

There are many major theories of ageing that has been discovered throughout physiology and life experiences of others, I am going to be describing the continuity theory and the activity theory.

Photo from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disengagement_theory

Disengagement Theory:

This theory believes that aging is inevitable way in which a person disengages thus known as the disengagement theory, this theory believes in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he/she belongs to. The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to depart from society this theory was created by Cumming and Henry in 1961 and it was the first theory of aging that had been developed.

As we get older things begin to change in our lives, when we have reached the elder lifestage things tend to slow down social wise as we become more fragile. This theory has been pointed out as being enforced on a person rather than them being apart of it freely. 

Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia (2007) Disengagement theory       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disengagement_theory (accessed: 9^th December 2015)

Photo from: http://discovermagazine.com/2007/dec/can-we-cure-aging

Activity Theory:

This theory is known as stating that elder people should disengage but also remain as active as they can. It is said that being active in some forms means they would not become completely isolated from society. This theory was established by Robert J. Havighurst in 1961. Its way of believing that this tool is powerful in influencing a person’s social attitude and well-being and how they feel about themselves in keeping relationships with others the same and even creating new relationships. It takes the view that the ageing process is delayed and the quality of life is enhanced when old people remain socially active.

M2: Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of the individual.

Bellow I will be discussing the disengagement and activity theory in relation to my individual Kehlani Parish, though my individual has not reached the elder lifestage I will be basing my information on what I have found in general and how it can possibly affect Kehlani in the future, whether she will choose to engage in activity or drift away from it.

Disengagement Theory:

This theory believes that people disengage and withdraw themselves from a social environment because as they age they have less opportunities. Within this theory individual who withdraw themselves believe to be better off in their lives without the stress from maintaining social relationships. This theory enables individuals to distance themselves it further suggests that society responds to the elder's disengagement with a sort of mutual recognition that the elder will soon pass and society must prepare to function in their absence. As such, the theory argues that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society.

Boundless, (2015), Disengagement Theory, https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/aging-18/the-functionalist-perspective-on-aging-128/disengagement-theory-721-9147/ (accessed: 20^th December 2015)

Many individuals believe that with this theory elder adults are distancing themselves from family and friends which will eventually workout worse for them as they will become isolated from the outside world.

The creators of the disengagement theory gave a basis for the reasoning of this theory with nine disengagement processes these are:

·         Postulate 1: Everyone expects death, and one's abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society.

·         Postulate 2: Because individual interactions between people strengthen norms, an individual who has fewer varieties of interactions has greater freedom from the norms imposed by interaction. Consequently, this form of disengagement becomes a circular or self-perpetuating process.

·         Postulate 3: Because men have a centrally instrumental role and women a socioemotional one, disengagement differs between men and women.

·         Postulate 4: The individual's life is punctuated by ego changes. For example, aging, a form of ego change, causes knowledge and skill to deteriorate. However, success in an industrialized society demands certain knowledge and skill. To satisfy these demands, age-grading ensures that the young possess sufficient knowledge and skill to assume authority and the old retire before they lose their skills. This kind of disengagement is effected by the individual, prompted by either ego changes or the organisation—which is bound to organisational imperatives—or both.

·         Postulate 5: When both the individual and society are ready for disengagement, complete disengagement results. When neither is ready, continuing engagement results. When the individual is ready and society is not, a disjunction between the expectations of the individual and of the members of this social systems results, but engagement usually continues. When society is ready and the individual is not, the result of the disjunction is usually disengagement.

·         Postulate 6: Man's central role is work, and woman's is marriage and family. If individuals abandon their central roles, they drastically lose social life space, and so suffer crisis and demoralisation unless they assume the different roles required by the disengaged state.

·         Postulate 7: This postulate contains two main concepts.

·         (a) Readiness for disengagement occurs if:

·         An individual is aware of the shortness of life and scarcity of time.

·         Individuals perceive their life space decreasing.

·         A person loses ego energy.

·         (b) Each level of society grants individuals permission to disengage because of the following:

·         Requirements of the rational-legal occupational system in an affluent society

·         The nature of the nuclear family

·         The differential death rate

·         Postulate 8: Fewer interactions and disengagement from central roles lead to the relationships in the remaining roles changing. In turn, relational rewards become more diverse, and vertical solidarities are transformed to horizontal ones.

·         Postulate 9: Disengagement theory is independent of culture, but the form it takes is bound by culture.

Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia (2007) Disengagement theory       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disengagement_theory (accessed: 28^th December 2015)

This theory was put in place when men had a higher status then women did, it would be known today that many may disagree with how Henry and Cumming created their theory distinguishing the way the theory should work for males opposed to females. 

I believe that with this theory Kehlani may start to distance herself from friends once she reaches the age of retirement, this means Kehlani may isolate herself from others and even live in an area that is secluded. However, Kehlani is very active as she is a performing artist and may choose to surround herself with people, it may also be out of Kehlani’s depth because people who love her will want to be involved and engaged in her life. 

Activity Theory:

The activity theory of aging proposes that older adults are happiest when they stay active and maintain social interactions, for example my individual Kehlani would be believed to be more active within her older lifestage and find ways in which will make her happier by surrounding herself with friends. These activities, especially when meaningful, help the elderly to replace lost life roles after retirement and, therefore, resist the social pressures that limit an older person's world. The theory assumes a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction. Activity theory reflects the functionalist perspective that an individual develops in middle age should be maintained in later years. The theory predicts that older adults that face role loss will substitute former roles with other alternatives.

Boundless, (2011) Activity Theory, https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/aging-18/the-functionalist-perspective-on-aging-128/activity-theory-722-9146/ (accessed: 21^st December 2015)

Many people believe this theory to work well with elder adults and that their lifestyle needs will be fulfilled throughout. Kehlani may develop new hobbies and talents as she ages, I believe Kehlani will remain active as she ages because she has no illness or disease that will disallow her from taking part in physical activities, however due to Kehlani being a premature baby she may suffer with certain things later on for example she may develop bipolar disorder and even serious mental health problems. With the knowledge that Kehlani has she may explore and travel around the world as she does during adulthood as a performing artist, many musical artists still perform up until late adulthood or until their bodies can no longer take the extensive work.

My individual Kehlani may also go along with the continuity theory as she is most likely to continue and peruse her career as a performer as she believes she is destined for it. I also agree that Kehlani will most likely not change her way of living and socialising due to ageing norms as she is a very wild spirited and free character. The external structure of an individual, such as Kehlani consists of relationships and social roles, and it supports the maintenance of a stable self-concept and lifestyle. This theory is what I believe Kehlani will mostly engage with because she is a very active individual. As she ages Kehlani may develop new hobbies and ways to live an active lifestyle. Being active allows us to develop in many ways physically and socially, for elder individuals there are plenty ways in which they can stay active for example, there are social clubs available for older age people who may feel less active within their life stage.

D2: Evaluate the influence of two major theories of ageing on health and social care provision.

For this task I will be evaluating my two chosen theories which are the Disengagement and the Activity theory on health and social care provision. As we become elders we begin to take different paths which may apply us to follow a theory of ageing such as the ones I have stated above. All individual’s become elderly and they will deal with their age differently, some choose to stay active and involved in many activities whereas others choose to disengage from all social activities. Both of these theories have different views on how an individual should age however there are many ways an elder individual can stay active socially with clubs that are provided for them. All of these aspects are extremely important for elderly people to keep mentally and physically healthy.

Both theories that I have mentioned will be influenced within a health and social care provision as there are many services available for older age individuals which allows them to be active or even disengage themselves depending on the way they choose. There are many ways in which elder individuals can stay active and social with others, there are services which provide this such as:

·         

•     Physical Therapy: For those who need extra assistance due to functional pain or if they are recovering from injury or illnesses and for those experiencing chronic pain, physical therapy can help relieve pain and restore physical functions such as flexibility, strength, balance and coordination.

SeniorLiving(2011), Physical Therapy for Seniors, http://www.seniorliving.org/healthcare/physical-therapy/ (accessed: 5^th January)

·        

•       Nursing assistance: This is when elder individuals are unable to solely care for themselves and may not have family around to help, an nursing assistant will help them with their daily needs.

These type of services help elderly individuals with daily chores so that they can stay healthy and active thus it will work for someone who goes along with the activity theory.                                                                            (Photo from: http://www.sustainingthepersonwithin.org.uk/Images2/Rayner%20House.jpg)

Effective day services can play a vital role in supporting individuals and in maintaining their contact with the community. Day centres are valued for making a real difference to older people’s and carers’ lives in the following areas:

• ·         Social interaction
• ·         A friendly environment
• ·          Carer relief
• ·          Maintenance of independence
• ·         Person-centeredness
• ·          Positive framing of life
• ·         Involvement in decision-making

Age UK(2011),Effectiveness of day services, http://www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/EN-GB/For-professionals/Research/Day_services_evidence%20_%20of_effectiveness_October_2011.pdf?dtrk=true (accessed: 5^th January 2016)

Day centres play a huge role in an individual’s social isolation and the way in which they live. Day centres provide people with an outlet that they may not have at home, for instance my individual Kehlani may pursue a day centre if she has distanced herself from others as a way to become more interactive and socially active in her community. I also believe that when Kehlani becomes an elder she will be persuaded to stay active and not disengage from social activities, however if Kehlani was to socially disengage the interaction she has with others will decrease and she may feel like she does not belong. These centres also help people who may feel lonely and isolated from the world feel more important and involved in society. Even if physical quality of life is poor, older people can experience good emotional wellbeing. Social interaction is particularly important to successful ageing.

Rather than moving into a long-term care facility as they age, many older adults prefer to stay at home for as long as possible. This may be the right choice for the individual if they only need minor assistance with daily activities and enjoy a close network of nearby family and friends.

Many elderly individuals tend to disengage from their community due to health issues and diseases. There are only few charities that help elder individuals, one of these charities is called Age UK, this charity was formed the 25^th of February 2009 this is a large charity formed to help elderly individual’s.

Age UK(2014),What we do, http://www.ageuk.org.uk/about-us/what-we-do/ accessed: 5^th January 2016)

The majority of elder individuals remain in their home and in their community where they will likely be supported by friends, family and social services. Some elder individuals also tend to move into supported homes which are sheltered. All services for elderly Individuals will provide them with a safe and well respected environment and offer individual’s quality assurance. Older individuals should always have the choice to how they want to live, whether it be to follow the activity, theory, the disengagement theory or any other theory, valued service provisions will never alter or attempt to change an individuals desire.

P3: Explain the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events on the development of an individual.

For my P3 I will be explaining two predictable and unpredictable life events on my individual Kehlani Parrish. Major life events can change our personal development either with predictable events and unpredictable events.

                                                      Predictable;

Predictable life events are things such as puberty and getting an education as all individuals go through puberty and many are destined for an education these type of life events are predictable as they are what we know to happen within our lives. The life events we go through will influence our lives and have a positive or negative effect on our development.

                                            

School/Education:

The first predictable event I will talk about is attending school; this is a big major life event as many individuals are expected to do so in order to prosper in their lives. As this is a predictable life event it can have a tremendous influence on an individual’s development physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially. When we start school we tend to do many activities such as PE, this means that we use and gain physical strength through the exercises and a boost in our physical development. As a child Kehlani enjoyed dancing which she wanted to pursue as a career but couldn’t due to a bad knee injury, this would have been a good way to develop physically as it strengthens the body. School also helps those less able to have nutritious meals at home by providing school dinners that will boost their system making them develop well and healthily. School has a major effect on us intellectually as we develop and understand new things, from our times tables to complex words we may never use again. Emotionally school can have a tremendous effect on a child, for instance young children who start nursery are usually attached to their parent/carer and it may be hard for them to separate in order to go to school, many children believe that their parents have left them and it is a major adjustment for children especially when they have moved from one school to the next. Finally starting school is where our social development is most developed as we meet new people and share and express ideas with other individuals. Socially Kehlani made friends through common interests such as music which gave her something to share with an audience and create a bond with, being that Kehlani was “different” she isolated herself before finding a passion similar to a few others who later became her band mates.

Relationships:

Having relationships is how individuals learn and gain new experiences. These are what people usually expect to happen within their lives in order to live comfortably and achieve other goals that are set out for us. Physically we find relationships to do exiting things such as having a sdexual relationship with a significant other, this could be seen as physical development as an individual is mentally ready to involve in certain things. Another way a relationship could be helpful for physical development is when people form relationships they tend to do activities such as going to parties going to theme parks and much more. A way for an individual to develop intellectually in a relationship is by learning from one anothers point of view and debating on particular subjects. Emotionally people go through senarios that may be difficult to overcome, individuals may also learn from emotional experiences such as bumps within relationships or unexpected breakups and re makeups. As an adolescent Kehlani revealed to many people that she is bisexual as she falls in love with a persons mind rather then how they look physically. These experiences are all part of life and can give people better outcomes. A relationship benefits mostly throughout social interaction thus I believe that social development is mostly achieved when having a relationship with people whether it be freindships or partnerships. People interact by being social, this way people learn things and develop new ways of living. Relationships are expected life events as a person doesn’t want to be lonely and may want a companion to share things with whether they like companions or not it is something that could be out of their control.

                                                        

                                      Unpredictable;

Unpredictable life events are things we don’t expect to happen within our lives, these things vary from divorce and death which you will expect but sometimes it comes unexpectedly. These life events that we go through can impact us in a negative way as they are unpredictable but some could bring a positive light to our future.

                     

                                                      Homelessness:

Being homeless is an issue that many people are surprised by, one day a person may be living comfortably and the next day their whole world has turned upside down. Physically a person who has become homeless lacks nutrition and food benefits as they may not have any means to care for themselves. Kehlani became homeless during her adolescence stage when she was struggling through a difficult time with family members, this could make an individual such as Kehlani weaker and prone to getting infections. Being homeless can effect someone’s intellectual development if the situation they are in makes them feel less able of other situations for example how to deal with their money which may have led them into the place they are in now. Intellectually I believe that Kehlani would not have been in the right state of mind intellectually as she was a teenager, she would have been unaware of how to care for herself thus she stole in order to feel comfortable. Emotionally a person who goes through a situation like this may be traumatised in what has happened to them, people usually turn to drinking or drugs and beg for ways to provide those habits. Emotionally Kehlani may have felt like she wasn’t wanted in the world and that she doesn’t know of her next step to a better career, it can also affect someone by making them think less of themselves. A person’s social development can deteriorate or even be gained when homeless. An individual may feel abandoned and that nobody cares for their well-being. Kehlani was homeless along with a friend who was struggling at the time also which meant she had some form of companionship. Being lonely and feeling neglected is never a way for a person to feel or live their life.

                                    Bereavement:

This can be very unexpected and cause people to evaluate things. A person may have lost a parent or sibling, close friend or lifetime partner, this can affect someone terribly if it is a sudden incident and even if it is something you expected to happen with an individual for example someone who had a terminal illness. Many individuals who have suddenly lost someone may deteriorate physically as a sudden shock causes them to take less care of themselves. A person’s intellectual development can become weaker when they lose someone they love. Kehlani may have been in the wrong mind-set when she needed a father figure to guide her through certain things in her life thus also impacting her emotionally.  Emotional development would be one of the most effected development stages in a person who loses someone they love or know, for me I lost a friend from a previous school whilst I was out of the country, it was so unexpected that I was really emotional as I was unable to comfort my cousin who had known him for years. When a person is taken away so unexpectedly it causes someone to revaluate things and even slack in certain areas. Kehlani lost her father before she was born which may not have affected her emotionally as it would of someone who had life experiences with that person, however Kehlani may have gone in a different direction if her father was alive to influence her behaviour either for better or for worse. Socially a person could feel lonely and less able to discuss issues with other people if the individual who was taken from their life was a close friend or someone they confide in. Socially Kehlani may have been affected if she wanted to know certain things that only her father could tell her but she is not, which can and probably has impacted her life negatively.

If life suddenly changes, there is always the risk that we will fall out of control and become stressed. Changes in life often involve positive learning experiences and even a risk of stress. Some major changes in life can be predicted and even chosen, whilst others may be unpredicted which could be unexpected.

Unit 4 M1/D1

M1: Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of an individual.

In my written report, I will be discussing the nature vs. nurture debate around my individual Kehlani Parrish, based on two life stages.

Nature is what is influenced by genetic heritage and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after birth e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual within the environment.

It has been an ongoing debate between psychologists that we are born the way we are, thus creating the ‘nature-nurture debate’. Each of these sides have good points that it's really hard to decide whether a person's development is predisposed in her DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and her environment. As of now, we know that both nature and nurture play important roles in human development, but we have not known yet whether we are developed majorly because of nature or due to nurture.

 The nature-nurture debate is concerned with the relative contribution that both influences make to human behaviour. Those who adopt an extreme hereditary position are known as nativists.  Their basic assumption is that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. In general, the earlier a particular ability appears, the more likely it is to be under the influence of genetic factors.

http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html

McLeod, P, (2007) Nature vs Nurture in Psychology, http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html (accessed:December 2nd 2015)

Childhood: 3-11

Surrounding the nature side of the debate it is believed that our physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance. Many people would say we inherit colour of our eyes from our parents, this is more so the Nature aspect as it is genetic inheritance and biological factors. Kehlani may have been believed to be a singer from before birth due to her father previously playing in a band. The influences around Kehlani would mostly factor how she developed a sense for music; due to the nurture debate her aunty would play many soulful records which gave Kehlani the passion to sing soulful tunes.

Intellectual: As a child, Kehlani knew how to communicate like most children. Though she was premature it would have been thought of her to be delayed within certain milestones but she wasn’t. At their early stages of life, children are unable to count or understand ideas properly.

Emotional:  Children have wide and vivid imaginations and start to understand the roles that people have. For example, a baby around 6 months discovers who is caring for them such as their mother, they then will notice when their parent/guardian isn’t around and start to feel worried. During her childhood she was shuffled from household to household, this can have a negative effect on a child and make them feel unsettled in her environment.

Photo from: https://thinkbeforeyouink.com/tag/kehlanimusic/

Social: Early childhood most social activity comes from parents and family, due to Kehlani’s mother ending up in jail since Kehlani was a young age. At this life stage, children are emotionally attached and dependant on an adult that cares for them.

The events within Kehlani’s childhood such as her mother getting sent to jail are nurture

                                             Early Adulthood: 20-40

Intellectual: Adults are wiser to their surroundings as they may have been through certain life situations which could impact them for the better or impact them for the worse thus being nurture that influences adults.

Emotional: During adulthood is when emotional attachment comes into character, this may include being sensitive to certain things or even being defensive. It is still a learning experience no matter what age you are. Emotionally adults are supposed to be 
matured as they have learnt from past experiences, due to Kehlani recently entering into adulthood she may feel that she still has time to mature and experience situations. 

Social: The way in which Kehlani has developed socially is due to her upbringing and the fact that she was passed around from house to house tells us that her behaviour has been affected by it. As you grow you begin to make new friends and connections, for example Kehlani being a music artist will meet many new people some who have influenced her throughout her life. As an adult you learn to cope with certain relationships. As adults you become involved in sexual relationships and figure out your self-worth. Kehlani is a women brought up around the environment she lives in, this means she has experienced relationships; such as sexual will influence Kehlani’s behaviour throughout her life. Networking is important and a big role in Kehlani’s life which could potentially affect her thus coming from the nurture aspect.

An individual is considered an adult when they have matured rather mentally then physically it can also be said that adults are defined by their social roles.

Jayaram, V. (2014) Maturity of Mind and Adult Behaviour,

http://www.hinduwebsite.com/selfdevt/maturity.asp (accessed: 2nd december 2015)

D1: Evaluate how the nature and nurture debate in may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two life stages of the development of your chosen family member or celebrity.

                                                       Childhood&Adulthood:

Photo From: http://prayersandapples.com/nature-vs-nutrition-phenylketonuria-pku/

Growing up Kehlani had a mix of nature (biological) and nurture (environment) both of the life

stages I have chosen give a lot of information around Kehlani’s life. Kehlani grew to steal in order to survive as she became homeless; these factors show that nurture had more of an impact on Kehlani as she had to adapt to the environment that she was in. people are around her also influence her behaviour in negative ways thus she began doing things that were wrong. Later on in her life such as early adulthood she learnt from her behaviour and changed for the better.

The physical development of Kehlani is due to nature as the biological factors from her parents gave her the beauty she has; also Kehlani believes to have her father’s eyes which are known to be hereditary features. Her physical appearance is what distinguished her from others and captured the attention of nick Cannon. Most people believe Kehlani to be a rapper due to her appearance as she has many tattoos all over her body; these features are due to nurture as the environment she lives in dictated her look.

As genetics and biological factors can determine our looks and more we can also inherit certain diseases and disorders such as:

• ·         Down Syndrome
• ·         Cystic fibrosis
• ·         Angelman Syndrome
• ·         Turner Syndrome
• ·         Tay-saches disease 
• ·         Polycystic kidney disease 
• ·         Sickle Cell disease

Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, (2015), Listof genetic disorders, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disorders (accessed: 2nd December 2015)

Intellectual development is how we think and understand things. Kehlani’s intellectual development is due to nurture as she learns from life lessons and things she has experienced. The intellectual development is the process of how we think and use our minds for certain situations. Kehlani’s intellectual development is due to nurture as she learns from life lessons and things she has experienced. The intellectual development is the process of how we think and use our minds to retain information and also for certain situations.

Personal emotional relationships are due to nurture as it is in our environment however it could be stated that a woman chooses her significant other due to features her father has/had, this could be due to nature. Positive relationships with significant others during adulthood cam contribute to an individual having a better state of mind and well-being. Emotionally Kehlani experienced a lot such as; her mother being released from jail and revealing her sexuality as being bisexual to the world. All these events that have taken place in Kehlani’s life so far have been for a reason as they can make her a better individual.

During childhood confidence usually comes from emotional experience, considering that Kehlani had a difficult childhood she may channel all her emotions and feelings into her music.

For my individual I believe her social development was influenced by nurture as she has learnt to make friends and adapt to friendships due to the environment. Within her adulthood Kehlani hasn’t got many people she calls friends more so she has people who are good associates. Social development is how we meet people and interact with them, having similar interests as a person is more likely what will make a friendship last. During childhood children make friends at school when they interact with other students, this behaviour is due to nurture as it is in the environment they are brought up in. socially it could be known that we have some biological factors which makes it also nature, for example many characteristics are inherited from our parent’s people often say “you sound like your mother” or “you two both speak alike”. The simplest of things can be due to mannerisms and what you have experienced in the household you grew up in.

All these behaviours and ways can influence a person for better or for worse. Every factor in a person’s life determinates their future.